CLWR at the 2023 LWF Assembly

Dear CLWR family,  

In March of 1946, representatives of North American Lutheran churches gathered in Ottawa to discuss a pressing challenge of the time: providing support for the millions of Europeans displaced by the Second World War. The outcome was the creation of Canadian Lutheran World Relief. Canadian Lutheran World Relief is now in its 75th year of service on behalf of Lutherans from coast to coast to coast. We are proud of CLWR’s long history of growth and adaptation as an organization. CLWR has continually adapted its efforts in response to shifting contexts, and especially to the voices of our partners. CLWR has always tried to exemplify the spirit of semper reformanda — always reforming — that has guided our faith tradition as Lutherans. Today, facing the prospect of a post-COVID world, we are united in our belief that we must not cease to learn, grow, and reform. 

Inspired by God’s love for the world, CLWR challenges and responds to the injustices which cause human suffering and poverty. We are committed to working alongside our partners to build resilience through a continual shared learning approach. As an international relief and development agency of the Lutheran communicates, CLWR provides opportunities for Canadians to respond to national and international needs. 

The need experienced by our global partners has never been greater or more urgent, and the COVID-19 pandemic is disproportionately affecting those who already face hunger and poverty, with millions more being pushed into extreme poverty. In this context, particularly with ongoing restrictions, we are grateful for your continued support, compassion and generosity. 

Always reforming…..

On September 26th, CLWR’s Board of Directors made the decision to transition We Care, CLWR’s long-standing and beloved commodity shipment program, with the intent that the shipping component of the program will be fully closed by the end of 2021. While many of us feel a deep, personal connection to this aspect of We Care, the decision was made with the unanimous support of everyone involved. 

Despite some sadness in making this change, we are united in confidence that this decision affirms CLWR’s most deeply-held values, including responsible stewardship, shared learning and honouring the voices of those we are called to serve. We are encouraged and optimistic at the commitment everyone at CLWR has shown to being the most responsible and effective organization we can on behalf of you, the Lutherans in Canada. 

While earlier in the program’s history, We Care filled a vital gap of needed items, in the world we now face, many of you have expressed growing concern about the climate impacts of shipping supplies from Canada, especially when they are available for purchase much closer to the regions where we work. 

The We Care program, in its decades of operation, has provided comfort and care to tens of thousands of people. To the faithful people of Synod, an incredible community of faithful, loyal volunteers, pastors, lay leaders, youth groups, and Sunday schools: we are inspired by you. Your generosity has wrapped warm quilts around those who have lost their homes, put supplies in otherwise empty school classrooms, and given young mothers the very first set of clothing their new babies will ever wear. 

You have made such a difference. You have our deep thanks. And we also want to say you are needed now — as much as ever. 

As this work evolves, we will count on your continued partnership in the Synod, and we 

pledge to continue in our commitment to do everything we can to be faithful and responsible partners in this ministry. 

Always reforming…..

At least 79.5 million people around the world have been forced to flee their homes in the last year. Among them are nearly 26 million refugees, around half of whom are under the age of 18. There are also millions of stateless people, who have been denied a nationality and lack access to basic rights such as education, health care, employment, and freedom of movement. 

At a time when 1 per cent of the world’s population have fled their homes as a result of conflict or persecution, our work together in support of displaced people and refugees is more important than ever before (UNHCR Ottawa2021). 

The deeply disturbing news about the humanitarian crisis at the U.S.-Mexico border has moved us to respond. Working with the ACT Alliance, CLWR has become engaged in a new endeavor to bring assistance to the injustices of so many fleeing Central America. CLWR would become the first Canadian Sponsorship Agreement Holder (SAH) to work directly with the United Nations Refugee Agency, (UNHCR) to bring a vulnerable single mother with children to Canada from the US-Mexico border. We will need your assistance, generosity and engagement as we work to respond to the injustices at the border. Thank you for all the care and love you have shown newcomers to Canada. Your ability to welcome strangers continues to inspire us. Thank-you. 

Always reforming…..

In the Palestinian Territories, unemployment is a main cause of poverty. Women have even fewer opportunities than men to find employment, which exacerbates existing economic and social barriers, compounding the challenges they already face. For women with disabilities, the situation is even more difficult. 

To address these challenges, Gender-Responsive and Inclusive Technical and Vocational Education and Training (GRIT) is a new project from Canadian Lutheran World Relief and Lutheran World Federation that provides women in Palestinian Territories better access to technical and vocational training programs suited to their specific needs, so they can secure jobs and gain financial independence. 

GRIT is a six-year (2019-2025), 10 million dollar project funded by Global Affairs Canada, as part of the Government of Canada’s 400 million dollar investment in support of the G7 Charlevoix Declaration on Quality Education for Girls, Adolescent Girls and Women in Developing Countries, with contributions from the Manitoba Council for International Cooperation. 

Always reforming…..

CLWR has signed the Anti-Racism Framework of the international cooperation sector and to join the more than fifty Canadian agencies and organizations that have already done so. The framework aims at addressing systemic racism in the international cooperation sector – a sector that by its self-definition aims to contribute to building a better and fairer world. The framework urges us to address the sector’s legacy of racial bias, and to redress global interventions that have denied peoples and institutions from historically disadvantaged countries their right to self-determination in the name of economic and social progress. 

As Lutherans, as people of faith, we are called to semper reformanda. We are delighted to celebrate with the Eastern Synod at your Synod convention. Thank-you Bishop Michael for your unwavering support. Thank-you to all Eastern Synod pastors, lay leaders and congregations for your faithful partnership. 

We celebrate together, as it is only through partnership that CLWR has been able to celebrate a long history of growth, challenging and responding to injustice. Seventy-five years bringing hope, compassion, and love to so many in this world. Our deepest gratitude for your partnership, and we invite you into deepened engagement this year and look forward to the journey together. 

Respectfully submitted, 

Karin Achtelstetter, Executive Director

 “Refugee Stories: The Immigration and Resettlement of Germans in Western Canada, 1947-1960” is a research project being undertaken by Kyle Jantzen, Professor of History, Ambrose University, along with Ambrose university students and members of various German-Canadian communities in Calgary and throughout Alberta. It combines scholarly research and oral history interviews to discover the history and memory of the emigration of ethnic Germans from various Eastern European countries—along with Germans from Germany—and their immigration to and resettlement in Canada during the fifteen years after the end of the Second World War. 

Funding

“Refugee Stories” is supported by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC) Alberta Synod, the Lutheran Church-Canada (LCC) Alberta-BC Synod, and the Mennonite Historical Society of Alberta, among others. It is funded in part by Canadian Lutheran World Relief, the University of Winnipeg’s Chair in German-Canadian Studies, and Ambrose University.

CANADIAN LUTHERAN WORLD RELIEF – HISTORY

The “most active, best funded and well connected” relief organization dedicated to helping ethnic Germans immigrate to Canada after the Second World War was the Canadian Lutheran World Relief (CLWR).[1] Between 1951 and 1957, it assisted some 18,500 refugees, almost all German Lutherans. This was more than all other Canadian relief agencies combined during this period—indeed, more than any other voluntary agency in the world between 1952 and 1954, accounting for 13 percent of Canada’s intact of German immigrants.[2] These statistics make clear just how influential CLWR was on the postwar ethnic German immigration landscape. For this reason, no exploration into ethnic German immigration to Canada would be complete without examining this agency.

Founded on March 14, 1946, the CLWR’s “principal purpose was to address the urgent need to supply material relief to the occupied zones of Germany and Austria.”[3] Its key leaders were President Dr. Rex Schneider, Executive Secretary Reverend Clifton L. Monk, and Treasurer T.O.F. Herzer. Monk guided the administration of the relief and resettlement operations, while Herzer was most active in the day-to-day leadership. As Monk explained, “long before the end of the war, Lutheran Churches on this continent were initiating major financial campaigns for needs already present and expected to increase drastically.”[4] Astonishingly, he added that “in 1946 we were the only relief agency of Canada or the United States permitted to operate in the British Zone of Germany.”[5] In other words, the responsibility of providing food and clothing for hundreds of thousands of Germans was in the hands of this fledgling Canadian organization. In a retrospective report about this work, Monk proudly recalled CLWR’s great success in collecting food and clothing and in raising funds. By May 28, 1947, CLWR had facilitated the shipment of 142,403 pounds of used clothing to war-ravaged Europe.[6]

As early as 1947, however, CLWR leaders realized that aid was not a long-term solution and that efforts should be directed toward resettling ethnic Germans in Canada. As Lutheran churchman and scholar Norman Threinen noted, “the work of the CLWR … is what its first president called ‘helping the needy and homeless to find new homes and help themselves.’”[7] Unfortunately, this task was complicated by the limitations of the International Refugee Organization (IRO), which was established in 1946 to assist refugees and Displaced Persons (DPs) and resettle those who “for valid reasons” could not return to their countries of origin.[8] Most ethnic Germans “had no rights under the IRO. They were denied access to IRO camps. They could not leave Germany or cross an international boundary. They were not entitled to the same food rations of the eligible D.P.’s.”[9] Nonetheless, thousands of these ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe (those the Hitler government referred to as Volksdeutsche) were eligible to immigrate to Canada. (German citizens, whom the Hitler government called Reichsdeutsche, were not eligible for immigration to Canada until later.) CLWR stepped in to fill this gap in service, enabling German refugees to be processed in Europe and then conveyed by ship to Canada.[10]

This was a daunting task. In Herzer’s closing remarks at a September 26, 1947, CLWR meeting, he noted that after two long months of hard work only fifty refugee applications had been processed. This was, in his blunt assessment, “very depressing.” Christian civilization had never experienced such a catastrophe and that “the magnitude of the problem is likely to overwhelm us.” Despite this, Herzer kept his eyes on the mission and affirmed confidently: “You, and we, are their angels in carrying out this work and I am sure the good Lord will give us strength to carry out this work since the one hope which these hopeless ones have in the world to-day is you of C.L.W.R.” [11]

As CLWR Executive Secretary Monk remembered it later, “the real breakthrough in removing the roadblock to resettling German ethnic refugees … to Canada came at a meeting in Ottawa on June 23, 1947.” It was during this meeting that T.O.F. Herzer, CLWR’s first Treasurer, successfully petitioned for the creation of the Canadian Christian Council for Resettlement of Refugees (CCCRR), an ecumenical partnership of faith-based agencies, including CLWR, the Catholic Immigrant Aid Society, German Baptist Colonization and Immigration Society, Latvian Relief Fund of Canada, Canadian Mennonite Board of Colonization, and the Sudetan Committee. 

This organization would be dedicated to helping ethnic Germans get to Canada.[12] 

The three objectives of the CCCRR were:

1. To be an umbrella organization for the participating members in areas such as administration, finances and dealing with transportation companies.

2. To be the vehicle for negotiation with Government re immigration policy and procedures (including later discussions with the Department of Labour).

3. To operate a processing/staging camp in Germany.[13]

Thus, it was through the larger organization, CCCRR, that smaller agencies were able to sponsor ethnic Germans who desired to relocate to Canada. “The CCCRR staff overseas invited the refugees to the processing camp to be prepared for presentation to the Canadian Security Officer, the Canadian doctor and the Canadian visa officer. 

Admissibility to Canada depended on their decisions. Once that was established the CCCRR could proceed with transportation to Canada arrangements. The refugees invited to camp would be those nominated by relatives in Canada and those recommended for resettlement through the programs of the participating members of the CCCRR.” By the time CCCRR operations were terminated in 1961, the organization had facilitated the immigration of an astonishing 41,000 refugees to Canada.[14]

One vital component of this success was a steamship received by Canada as a war reparation, then turned over to the CCCRR for its transportation use: the MS Beaverbrae. “In its service to CCCRR the Beaverbrae completed 52 voyages, carrying a total of 33,259 passengers.”[15] Thus, many ethnic Germans who came to Canada after the Second World War did so on the Beaverbrae. Additionally, every time the Beaverbrae returned to Europe, it would do so full of the CCCRR’s material aid and relief supplies, giving the ship an effective dual-purpose.[16]

The CLWR assistance to ethnic German refugees lasted from 1947 to 1960, during which time “a total of 20,845 Refugees and Displaced Persons had come to Canada because of the efforts, including travel loan assistance, of CLWR.”[17] Initially these “immigration schemes” (as they were called) were limited to close relatives of German-Canadian families. As Herzer noted to his colleagues, these refugees were “primarily the concern of the Lutherans in Western Canada, because among them are our relatives.”[18] Soon, though, efforts were expanded to other ethnic German refugees through diverse sponsorship programs. Chief among these were the various labour schemes, focused on importing manual labour, based on demand in the Canadian labour market, which varied from farming to mining.[19] In fact, it was the success of the CLWR in executing these schemes that earned them their good reputation among Department of Immigration and Labour officials.[20] As historian Ronald Schmalz explained:

Essential to the success of the CLWR’s resettlement program was its ability to place immigrants…. Because of its excellent record of placements, immigration authorities permitted the CLWR to forward workers and families without specific guarantees of employment. This concession greatly facilitated the flow of CLWR cases to Canada. In addition to pure placement work, the Lutheran network of churches, immigration and welfare agencies provided a host of other services to newcomers such a reception work at ports of entry and final destinations, welfare relief (especially during the tough winters of 1951-52 and 1953-54), counselling, loan and settlement investigations and employer-immigrant relations. These services gave the church programs an enviable reputation among prospective emigrants in Germany.[21]

In other words, CLWR’s superior performance in facilitating ethnic German immigration to Canada afforded the agency more opportunities to bring even more individuals and families over. One prominent labour scheme brought German immigrants to Canada to work as labourers in the sugar beet harvests of southern Alberta. This program “provided ready-made employment and accommodation, with responsibility for placement and much of the cost of transportation borne by the Canadian Department of Labour. Thus, large groups of people could be moved under the sponsorship of CLWR with a minimum of cost.”[22] Though this was advantageous to CLWR, Executive Director Monk expressed some concern in a meeting on September 14, 1948, noting that CLWR risked becoming a de facto “labour agency,” which was neither the intention or goal.[23]

Despite the success of many of these initiatives, the days of the CLWR helping ethnic Germans immigrate to Canada were numbered. Late in the year 1954, the Deputy Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Laval Fortier, held a meeting with various voluntary immigration agencies, such as the CLWR, at which he suggested that they should back away from the pre-selection of immigrants overseas and instead focus their resources on integration programs.[24] Those in positions of authority among the CLWR knew their immigration program days were nearly over and so by “1956 the emphasis for CLWR had shifted entirely to the movement of relatives, dependents and nominated persons.” In 1959 “the right of Voluntary Agencies to agency-sponsor persons who wanted to come to Canada and who did not have relatives to apply for them was suspended,” and by the end of the year 1960, CLWR’s immigration operations had effectively ceased.[25] Thus, the era of large-scale ethnic German immigration to Canada was over after thirteen long and successful years.

[1] Ronald E. Schmalz, “Former Enemies Come to Canada: Ottawa and the Postwar German Immigration Boom, 1951-57” (University of Ottawa, 2000), 206-07, http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/9430.

[2] Schmalz, “Former Enemies Come to Canada,” 206-07.

[3] Schmalz, “Former Enemies Come to Canada,” 207.

[4] Clifton L. Monk, “Canadian Lutheran World Relief: A View from the Inside to October 31, 1961” (Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1990), 9.

[5] Ibid., 7.

[6] Ibid., 29.

[7] Norman J. Threinen, “Canadian Lutheran Response to the Challenges of Post-World War II Immigration” (St. Louis, 1978), 8.

[8] “International Refugee Organization,” International Organization 1, no. 1 (1947): 137. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2703532.

[9] Threinen, “Canadian Lutheran Response,” 4, 6.

[10] Threinen, “Canadian Lutheran Response,” 8.

[11] Public Archives Canada, “Mr. Herzer’s Closing Remarks at the C.L.W.R. Meeting,” September 25, 1947, fig. 510, MG 28V 120, Library and Archives Canada, http://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_h1390.

[12] Monk, “Canadian Lutheran World Relief,” 18-19; Schmalz, “Former Enemies Come to Canada,” 206.

[13] Monk, “Canadian Lutheran World Relief,” 19.

[14] Ibid., 19-20.

[15] Ibid., 20. Part of the reason the CCCRR was given the Beaverbrae was the issue of conflict between ethnic groups on International Refugee Organization ships.

[16] Public Archives Canada, “Report of Executive Secretary to C.L.W.R. Executive Meeting,” September 14, 1948, fig. 531, MG 28V 120, Library and Archives Canada, http://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_h1390.

[17] Monk, “Canadian Lutheran World Relief,” 28.

[18] Schmalz, “Former Enemies Come to Canada,” 207-08; CLWR, “Canadian Lutheran World Relief Fonds: H-1390,” fig. 508, Library and Archives Canada, accessed February 9, 2018, http://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_h1390.

[19] Threinen, “Canadian Lutheran Response,” 13; Norman J. Threinen, A Religious-Cultural Mosaic: A History of Lutherans in Canada (Vulcan, Alta: Today’s Reformation Press Incorporated, 2006), 141.

[20] Schmalz, “Former Enemies Come to Canada,” 207-08; Public Archives Canada, “Minutes of Executive Meeting of Canadian Lutheran World Relief,” February 5, 1948, fig. 516, MG 28V 120, Library and Archives Canada, http://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_h1390.

[21] Schmalz, “Former Enemies Come to Canada,” 209–10.

[22] Threinen, “Canadian Lutheran Response,” 16.

[23] Public Archives Canada, “Report of Executive Secretary,” September 14, 1948, fig. 532, MG 28V 120, Library and Archives Canada, http://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_h1390.

[24] Monk, “Canadian Lutheran World Relief,” 27. Monk claims that this suggestion was the result of pressure put upon the federal department by a “‘secular agency’” which had a problem with the concept of churches being involved in the selection process of immigrants.

[25] Ibid., 28.

Following the end of the Second World War, Canadians organized support to help European refugees and displaced persons escape poverty and obtain passage to Canada.1 

Years of war left many Europeans, particularly in Germany, without food, shelter, or basic material possessions like clothes. Germany and other European countries faced such an extensive economic and humanitarian crisis after the war that it seemed unlikely they would ever recover without extensive international aid. Starting shortly after the war’s conclusion in 1945, Canada’s various ethnic and religious groups began to fundraise to send money overseas and help their coreligionists in the “motherland” recover from the devastation of war. German-Canadian Lutherans took a particular interest in assisting postwar refugees and displaced persons (DPs), as many of Europe’s most vulnerable happened to be ethnic Germans and other practitioners of the Lutheran faith. 

German-Canadian Lutherans established the Canadian Lutheran World Relief (CLWR) in 1946 in an effort to send aid overseas and also facilitate DP migration to Canada. Their efforts proved successful. By 1960, organizations like the CLWR sent over seven million pounds of relief goods to Europe and helped over 20,000 DPs migrate to Canada.2 

Historians have paid significant attention to how the CLWR and other Jewish and Mennonite organizations campaigned to admit refugees and DPs to Canada during the 1940s and 1950s.3 

These histories, however, tend to focus on the relationship between DPs and their new Anglo-Canadian neighbours, rather than the established immigrant communities that helped them migrate to Canada. As a result, histories of postwar Canada tend to describe how AngloCanadians pressured newly arrived DPs to assimilate into mainstream Canadian culture. Historian Franca Iacovetta, for instance, emphasizes how middle class Anglo-Canadians sought to regulate aspects of immigrant life in postwar Canada. These Anglo-Canadian “gatekeepers” tried to integrate newcomers into a hegemonic Canadian culture based on British and middle class “respectable” values. Although the term “gatekeeper” typically refers to immigration officials and “those who determine admission requirements and regulations for a country or institution,” Iacovetta broadens this term as a useful shorthand to include the “wide array of reception, citizenship, and regulatory activities” that immigrants faced after they arrived in Canada. Gatekeepers monitored immigrant behavior, ranging from their parenting style, clothing, food, and mental and physical health, in an effort to coerce them to conform to Canadian cultural norms.4

Subsequent case studies on postwar German immigrants have thus far confirmed Iacovetta’s conclusions.5 

Yet, these studies pay less attention to how DPs interacted with established German-Canadian communities. 

This paper seeks to rectify this omission by focusing on how Waterloo County’s established German-Canadian Lutheran community interacted with a new generation of European DPs from 1945 to the 1960s. In particular, it examines the tensions and debates that emerged within Waterloo County’s German-Canadian Lutheran community as a result of the influx of DPs that entered their community and churches following the war. By examining the relationship between German-Canadian Lutherans and newly arrived DPs, this paper argues that a preoccupation with assimilation did not define the experiences of German DPs in postwar Waterloo County. Rather than acting as “gatekeepers” like Anglo-Canadians, prominent German-Canadian Lutheran leaders in Waterloo County drew upon their own ethnic heritage as Germans to create a welcoming environment for a new generation of immigrants in the region. They saw helping DPs migrate to Canada as both an ethnic and religious duty to help their fellow German Lutherans abroad.

Once DPs arrived in Canada, Lutheran churches functioned as spaces where DPs could continue to speak the German language and local pastors worked to ensure DPs were not treated as second-class citizens. In contrast to other Canadian communities, German DPs became incorporated into the region’s pre-existing German-Canadian community with little controversy. The strong bonds that formed between Waterloo County’s pre-existing German community and the recently arrived DPs moreover complicated Anglo-Canadian attempts to assimilate DPs. 

Waterloo County’s minority Anglo-Canadian community operated as “gatekeepers” and encouraged DPs to assimilate into Canadian society. However, they ultimately failed at accomplishing this goal as Waterloo County’s German culture remained strong enough to prevent complete DP assimilation. 

Waterloo County provides a particularly appropriate case study in which to explore the interactions between one established immigrant community and a new generation of immigrants. Unlike other central Canadian cities that had strong Anglo-Canadian elites governing local affairs, and unlike prairie cities in Western Canada that contained a mix of different immigrant communities, Waterloo County remains unique due to its historically large presence of German immigrants.6 

The 1951 census, for instance, still showed Germans as the largest ethnic group in Kitchener, accounting for almost half the population. 7 

Moreover, the community had the largest population of Lutherans in Ontario and a great deal of institutional support. The Waterloo Lutheran Seminary, established in 1911, trained a great number of the nation’s Lutheran pastors and the community moreover boasted some of the oldest Lutheran congregations in Canada, dating back to the 1860s and earlier.8 

More importantly, although the area’s English and Scottish population carried a great deal of social and cultural currency, so too did the region’s German population. Members of Waterloo County’s German population included members of the local business, political, and religious elite. Although German immigrants may have had a minority status in other Canadian communities, Waterloo County remained unique in that German Canadians played an equally, if not greater, role in determining the community’s social and cultural life as their Anglo-Canadian neighbours. Historian Kathleen Neils Conzen refers to this phenomenon as the “localization of immigrant cultures.” Localization, Conzen argues, refers to – “the tendency of an immigrant-constructed culture to embed and reproduce itself…in the educational institutions, political and governmental organizations, businesses, media, and popular culture of the broader local community. Consequently, what are initially ethnic group values come to play a strong role in determining the local ‘rules of the game,’ in molding ‘the way we do things here,’ in shaping non-group as well as group life on the local level.”9 

This paper demonstrates how the localization of German culture in Waterloo County helped cultivate a welcoming environment for German DPs by examining several different points of contact between German Canadians, Anglo-Canadian gatekeepers, and postwar DPs. First, it describes the efforts of Waterloo County’s German-Canadian population to help German DPs migrate to Canada and the reception they received upon their arrival. It then describes how Anglo-Canadian gatekeepers unsuccessfully tried to assimilate German DPs by weakening the German language. Finally, it compares the experiences of Lutheran congregations in Toronto and Waterloo County to demonstrate how German DPs outside of the Waterloo County core did not  have the same experiences, or successes, in combating assimilation. By examining these different cases, this paper argues that the localization of German culture allowed German Canadians and DPs in postwar Waterloo County to thwart attempts to assimilate their community into mainstream Anglo-Canadian culture.  

1 Although the terms “displaced person” and “refugee” refers to a specific legal category of persons, Canadians often used terms such as refugee, displaced person, and immigrant interchangeably. I have elected to use the term DP for the sake of consistency. For a discussion of these legal categories and how the DPs defined themselves, see Pascal Maeder, Forging a New Heimat: Expellees in Post-War West Germany and Canada (Göttigen: V&R unipress, 2011), 23. 

2 Carl Raymond Cronmiller, A History of the Lutheran Church in Canada (Toronto: Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Canada, 1961), 240. 

3 See for example Angelika E. Sauer, “A Matter of Domestic Policy?: Canadian Immigration Policy and the Admission of Germans, 1945-50,” Canadian Historical Review LXXIV, no. 2 (1993): 226-263; Marlene Epp, Women without Men: Mennonite Refugees of the Second World War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000); Adara Goldberg, Holocaust Survivors in Canada: Exclusion, Inclusion, Transformation, 1947-1955 (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2015). 

4 Franca Iacovetta, Gatekeepers: Reshaping Immigrant Lives in Cold War Canada (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2006), 11. 

5 Hans Werner, Imagined Homes: Soviet German Immigrants in Two Cities (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2007); Alexander Freund, “Contesting the Meaning of Migration: German Women’s Immigration to Canada in the 1950s,” Canadian Ethnic Studies 41-42, no. 3/1 (2009-2010): 1-26. 

6 Royden Loewen and Gerald Friesen, Immigrants in Prairie Cities: Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009). 

7 John English and Kenneth McLaughlin, Kitchener: An Illustrated History (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1983), 246-247. 5 population of Lutherans in Ontario and a great deal of institutional support. The Waterloo Lutheran Seminary, established in 1911, trained a great number of the nation’s Lutheran pastors and the community moreover boasted some of the oldest Lutheran congregations in Canada, dating back to the 1860s and earlier.

8 Cronmiller, A History of the Lutheran Church in Canada, 213-219. 

9 Kathleen Neils Conezen, “Mainstreams and Side Channels: The Localization of Immigrant Cultures,” Journal of American Ethnic History 11, no. 1 (1991): 6-7.